How Computers Add Numbers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBDoT8o4q00
Machine Language: 0's and 1's
compiler:
Converts program into machine language
Converts program into machine language
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code).
linker:
Program that links to the libraries needed for an executable program.
10.7 Operating systems
Operating system - interface between computer hardware (monitor, mouse, physical devices), software (programs), and user (you!).
Example operating systems:
- UNIX
- MS-DOS (Microsoft) / Windows
- Apple - Macintosh
10.8 Programming languages
Procedural language: Fortran, Basic, Pascal, C: fetch-and-decode-execute
Value =5
new_value = log(Value)
second line of code – new_value – “fetches” the variable “value”, the log function is “decoded” and then the function log(value) is “executed”.
Object-Oriented Languages: C++, Java
data and routines that act on data treated as “objects”.
Value =5
new_value = log(Value)
“value” and “log” are treated as one single object, that, when called, automatically takes the log of value.
object = reusable, modular software component
Value =5
new_value = log(Value)
second line of code – new_value – “fetches” the variable “value”, the log function is “decoded” and then the function log(value) is “executed”.
Object-Oriented Languages: C++, Java
data and routines that act on data treated as “objects”.
Value =5
new_value = log(Value)
“value” and “log” are treated as one single object, that, when called, automatically takes the log of value.
object = reusable, modular software component
FORTRAN(77, 90, 95) – Formula translating System, IBM, John Backus – 1957, higher-level programming language that uses English instead of just symbols.
Libraries of FORTRAN codes:
IMSL (International Mathematics and statistics Library)
NAG (Numerical Algorithm group)
.
BASIC – Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code – 1964 at Dartmouth by John Kemeny & Kurtz – to encourage more students to use computers by offering a more user friendly, easy-to-learn language.
.
Pascal – 1971 – also developed for educational purposes by Prf. Wirth (not used much outside of schools)
.
C – 1972 – by Dennis Ritchie of AT&T Bell Labs, outgrowth of BCPL & B languages.
.
UNIX – also based off B language.
.
ANSI C – common industrial language.
.
Java – by James Gosling of Sun Microsystems
small, fast, reliable, transportable program
software for TV’s, VCR’s, telephones, etc.
Java applications – word processors, spreadsheets
Java applets – stored on remote computers, accessed through web.
.
HTML - HyperText Markup Language
code for webpage.
use tags:
<TITLE> ... </TITLE>
<P> - paragraph
<H2>Second level heading</h2>
<ADDRESS> text ... </ADDRESS> - sigs, italic and/or right justified or indented
To see the HTML code used to create the Web page - Click on "View" in the menu bar and then click "Page Source."
Libraries of FORTRAN codes:
IMSL (International Mathematics and statistics Library)
NAG (Numerical Algorithm group)
.
BASIC – Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code – 1964 at Dartmouth by John Kemeny & Kurtz – to encourage more students to use computers by offering a more user friendly, easy-to-learn language.
.
Pascal – 1971 – also developed for educational purposes by Prf. Wirth (not used much outside of schools)
.
C – 1972 – by Dennis Ritchie of AT&T Bell Labs, outgrowth of BCPL & B languages.
.
UNIX – also based off B language.
.
ANSI C – common industrial language.
.
Java – by James Gosling of Sun Microsystems
small, fast, reliable, transportable program
software for TV’s, VCR’s, telephones, etc.
Java applications – word processors, spreadsheets
Java applets – stored on remote computers, accessed through web.
.
HTML - HyperText Markup Language
code for webpage.
use tags:
<TITLE> ... </TITLE>
<P> - paragraph
<H2>Second level heading</h2>
<ADDRESS> text ... </ADDRESS> - sigs, italic and/or right justified or indented
To see the HTML code used to create the Web page - Click on "View" in the menu bar and then click "Page Source."
C&C++ are among the world's most popular programming languages.
If you want C++ on your home personal computer, you can download it for free:
https://www.visualstudio.com/en-us
Here is another free compiler:
http://intro1201.blogspot.com/2015/05/codeblocks.html
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hello world!
- classic 1972 tutorial
- check that the compiler setup is working correctly
- teach new users simple syntax& program structure
Open C++
•Start,
•All Programs,
•Microsoft Visual Studio,• Microsoft Visual C++ 2015 Express
Opening screen:
Click the green arrow to run the precompiled header and see if everything is linking correctly.
If you get it to compile, you can then delete the header, and replace the program with the programs below.
If you have an older version of Visual Studio:
File →New→Project
→Win32 Console Application
→ enter a name for your project "Hello World"
→ ok→ next
→ select "" and ""
→Finish
You should now have a page that look like this:
•Click the green arrow at the top to run the precompiled header
Would you like to build it? Yes
•Did you get a lnk error message? (applies to older versions of VS)
•Google the error message – see how to fix it:
•Click the green arrow again,
Is the error message gone now?
Copy the following code into C++:
Copy the following code into C++:
// Hello World.cpp : this is the comment line where you can tell users what your program does. This program will output "Hello World"
//
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "iostream"
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
cout <<"Hello World"<<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
***Note - C++ is picky, it is case sensitive, you have to be very careful to get everything typed in correctly.
Click the green arrow,
would you like to build it? → yes
The program should then execute, a new window will pop up and say "Hello world"
What is in your program?
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "iostream"
include instructs the pre-processor to include another file (the file StdAfx.h, and iostream or in out stream in this case)
C++ has a library of many codes like "iostream" you can use to save yourself time & hassle.
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/
iostream - input and output program, lets you use "cin" and "cout" to allow a user to imput data into the program, and for the program to output data back to the user.
StdAfx.h namespace, reduces compile & processing time
- http://www.cplusplus.com/articles/1TUq5Di1/
int main ()
the first function, where the program actually begins.
{}
Surrounds the function
{ start
end}
Surrounds the function
{ start
end}
cout <<"Hello World"<<endl;
Outputs "Hello World" to the user
; C++ syntax, ends the command
system("PAUSE");
Pauses the screen
return 0; indicates that the main function has ended
Outputs "Hello World" to the user
; C++ syntax, ends the command
system("PAUSE");
Pauses the screen
return 0; indicates that the main function has ended
Functions provides a way of grouping commands together under a logical heading which can be called from a single line within your main program (no point rewriting and rewriting hundreds of lines of code every time you want a specific function – so get thousands of lines of code into one line of command)
Library file – collection of resources used in your computer program, allows sharing and importing of resources across one or more computers, to use and reuse as often as you wish. You can write your own, or use existing files created by C++. – use library files instead of having to code everything yourself, just “include” them into your program.
Open source – software whose source code is available free of charge to the public to use, copy, modify, etc.
Preprocessor commands, command after # symbol, like #include – another separate program invoked by the compiler which includes extra source code definitions. Include allows you to load separate source codes into your system.
Editor – what you type your code in (like a notepad)
compiler – root of any programming language, transforms source code into assembly language or machine code, without it all you have is a block of text that doesn’t do anything.
Library file – collection of resources used in your computer program, allows sharing and importing of resources across one or more computers, to use and reuse as often as you wish. You can write your own, or use existing files created by C++. – use library files instead of having to code everything yourself, just “include” them into your program.
Open source – software whose source code is available free of charge to the public to use, copy, modify, etc.
Preprocessor commands, command after # symbol, like #include – another separate program invoked by the compiler which includes extra source code definitions. Include allows you to load separate source codes into your system.
Editor – what you type your code in (like a notepad)
compiler – root of any programming language, transforms source code into assembly language or machine code, without it all you have is a block of text that doesn’t do anything.
Object – entity which can be manipulated – variables, functions, data structures, & classes
stream – input output channel linked to the console
overload – if an operator has more than one meaning, example: << inserts data into the cout stream instead of being a left shift.
Commenting
// HW.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
stream – input output channel linked to the console
overload – if an operator has more than one meaning, example: << inserts data into the cout stream instead of being a left shift.
Commenting
// HW.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//
leave notes for other programmers who are looking at your code – text that is not part of the code itself, just explains what code does.
// airplane program!
#include <stdio.h>
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "iostream"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int count;
for (count = 1; count <= 500; count++)
cout <<"I will not throw paper airplanes in class." << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Assignment #1
This age calculator compiles, but does not calculate the correct age.
1. Study the program to see what it does.
2. Change the equations in the if statements so that it correctly calculates someone's age.
3. Add if statements below all of the inputs that check to see if the input is legitimate, and then sends an error message if it is not.
Example - if someone enters a birth year of 10, cout << "please enter the birth year as a 4 digit number such as 2010"<< endl; and then ask again for the birth year etc.
4. Extra Credit: Add a cout that gives an age appropriate comment, such as "Wow, you are really old!", or "You're just a young'n!"
// Age Calc.cpp : Program to calculate someone's exact age.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int birthmonth, birthyear;
int currentmonth, currentyear;
int agey, agem;
cout << "\n\n\t\t\t Age Calculator\n\n";
cout << "Enter Your Birth Year(Eg:1989):";
cin >> birthyear;
cout << "\n\nEnter Your Birth Month(Eg:7):";
cin >> birthmonth;
if (birthmonth > 12 || birthmonth < 1)
return 1;
cout << "\nEnter The Current Month(Eg:7):";
cin >> currentmonth;
cout << "\nEnter The Current Year(Eg:2010):";
cin >> currentyear;
//if(birthmonth > currentmonth) you have not had your birthday yet
if (currentmonth>birthmonth)
{agey = currentyear - birthyear;
agem = 12 - birthmonth;}
// if(birthmonth < currentmonth) then you have had your birthday
else if (currentmonth<birthmonth)
{agey = currentyear - birthyear;
agem = 12 - birthmonth; }
// if(birthmonth =currentmonth) write Happy Birthday!!!
else
{agey = currentyear - birthyear;
agem = currentmonth - birthmonth;
cout << "\n\n\t\t~~**HaPpY BiRtHdAy **~~ ";}
cout << "\n\n\t\tYour Age is " << agey << " Years And " << agem << " Months ";
_getch();
return 0;
}
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int birthmonth, birthyear;
int currentmonth, currentyear;
int agey, agem;
cout << "\n\n\t\t\t Age Calculator\n\n";
cout << "Enter Your Birth Year(Eg:1989):";
cin >> birthyear;
cout << "\n\nEnter Your Birth Month(Eg:7):";
cin >> birthmonth;
if (birthmonth > 12 || birthmonth < 1)
return 1;
cout << "\nEnter The Current Month(Eg:7):";
cin >> currentmonth;
cout << "\nEnter The Current Year(Eg:2010):";
cin >> currentyear;
//if(birthmonth > currentmonth) you have not had your birthday yet
if (currentmonth>birthmonth)
{agey = currentyear - birthyear;
agem = 12 - birthmonth;}
// if(birthmonth < currentmonth) then you have had your birthday
else if (currentmonth<birthmonth)
{agey = currentyear - birthyear;
agem = 12 - birthmonth; }
// if(birthmonth =currentmonth) write Happy Birthday!!!
else
{agey = currentyear - birthyear;
agem = currentmonth - birthmonth;
cout << "\n\n\t\t~~**HaPpY BiRtHdAy **~~ ";}
cout << "\n\n\t\tYour Age is " << agey << " Years And " << agem << " Months ";
_getch();
return 0;
}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Test your program:
Jack - born Jan 2005
(Already had his birthday this year - 9 years, and 2 months
Jill - born Sept 2006, (She has not had her birthday yet, 7 years, 6 months)
Test one for someone who has their birthday today
Excercise #2
Modify the below program to write out the Fibonacci series using a for loop:
Just replace "????" with what it needs to be!
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n, a = 0, b = 1, c, count;
cout << "Enter the number of terms of Fibonacci series you want:";
cin >> n;
cout << "1" << "\n";
for (count = 0; count <= n; count++)
{
c = a + b;
a = ??;
b = ???;
cout << c << "\n";
}
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Exercise #3
Input: m, theta
Output: u, Fn, Ff
#include <math.h>
// lets you use cos() sin() etc.//
#define GRAV 9.8
#define PI 3.141592654
Excercise #4 - your choice!
Write a program that calculate the voltage drops and current in a simple series circuit.
Input: V, R1, R2, R3
Output: i, V1, V2, V3
or
- write a program for your group project
- write an ENGR1201 grade calculator
*clac what grade you need on the final to get an A in class considering what you have so far
- write a calorie counter
* output how many miles you need to run in order to use up the food you just ate
- write any program you want that:
*asks for user imput
* performs a calculation based on that input
* outputs something based on the calculation
~~~
